Russia is a constitutional federation with a preseidennt and prime minister. There are three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. However, Russia's government wasn't always this simple. While Russia was part of the Soviet Union, there was communism and all aspects of the economy were centrally controlled.
For the extent of the existence of the Soviet Union, Russia's economy was strictly controlled. The government controlled all aspects of investment, production, and consumption. This central planning system was based solely on the decisions of the Communist party. The idea was that if every unit of the Union met or exceeded their duties, the supply and demand would balance. The government's role was to ensure that these expectations were met.
Early in the 1990's, the disintegration of the centrally planned government system left Russia to figure out how to operate without the extensive government control. As Gorbachev took power in 1985 he began to shift the economic focus to intensive investment in specific industries that were the most crucial to Russia's economy. These included machine-building and metal working. He also focused on increasing labor productivity. However, his planning system was neither centrally planned nor a market economy. So by the end of 1991 during the official dissolution of the USSR, the economy the was headed into a downward spiral.
Yeltsin along with other leaders created a plan to stabilize restructure Russia's economy. By 1996, there was some success but still many problems left unresolved.
Today, Russia's government still regulates prices on certain goods and it is very difficult to get an accurate reading of their economic standings. The Russian Ministry of Economic Development oversees many of the strategic plans the government employs.
http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/russia/ECONOMY.html
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